Islamic Political Thought Essay

The division of spiritual and temporal in Christianity has taken a long time to be enacted into the political theory of the occidental mind. There is a long history of church rule behind today’s secular political thinking. Which recognizes religion as of no significance in the eye of the state. They have taken the sovereignty from God and put it into the hands of the people. In doing so they have declared collective human conscience as their guide and have rejected all sorts of scriptures of divine nature. This is leading these societies to moral ruin. Approval of homosexuality as a legal practice by the legislatures of some western countries is an indication of the moral collapse that awaits them. Although Islam has no division of spirit and mundane but still does not support theocracy or any other form of autocratic rule. It has taken a middle course, which can best be explained by the word â€Å"autonomous†. Giving the absolute power and responsibility of guidance in the hands of God, Islam lets the, Muslims to exercise unlimited sovereignty within the limits of Quran and Sunnah. Introduction This topic seemingly look very simple and the one which can have a straightforward answer. But actually it required a great insight into the historical and the political perspective of Islamic world at large. This proposition can be tackled at a number of levels. One scheme of addressing this question could be to go to the theological injunctions, that is, to argue from Quran and Hadith. The second approach could be of digging into the history and bringing out the relevant examples. There is yet another way of going through this riddle and that is to examine the evolution of political ideology in the world of Islam and comparing it with the political evolution of the other nations or rest of the world. We may adopt any of the above methodology. But in order to get a better view of things and comprehensive answer to this question. We analyze it at all the three above-mentioned levels. This will certainly render us a better understanding of not only this question but also of many other aspects of related political problems confronting the modern Muslim societies. Before beginning with our discussion it is useful that we first determine what sovereignty is? Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary describes sovereignty as: the highest power or fully independent and self-governing. Similarly Webster’s dictionary gives the following meanings to this word: â€Å"supreme leader or the one who exercise authority in a limited sphere†. Quranic Interpretation As for as simplest mind, which goes through the Quranic text, it cannot ignore the fact that the God, that is Allah, is omnipotent, all powerful and all governing. This is the first and the last impression, which Quran leaves on any mind, no matter how naive it may be. Contrary to many doctrines, Quran declares Allah to be the sole authority on every thing that is present not only in this world but the whole of the universe. Many Quranic verses can be quoted in this context. Blessed is the Lord who holds control over all and is Omnipotent. † (Al-mulk) And again: â€Å"Exalted is the One who controls every thing and to Him you shall resurrect. † (Ya-seen) This makes very cleat that every thing lies with Allah. It flows from thence unto His creatures. Same is the case with authority and sovereignty. Allah has send man on this earth as his vicegerent. Allah has given man sovereignty to reign on this world. As Quran says, â€Å"(remember) When your Lord said to angels that indeed I shall appoint a vicegerent on Earth. † (Al-baqarah) Thus, man rules earth on the behalf of his Lord. Therefore he can exercise sovereignty with in certain limits, prescribed by Allah. Once established that sovereignty is a reign were man has been given access. We find out whether men have been given some right to make decisions for themselves or not. Is a ruler selected by Allah and imposed on men or they are encouraged to exercise their sovereign right by some collective means? Now this is an arguable question. Some section may say that a king or some sort of ruler, imposed on the society by one way or the other, has the right to exercise the sovereignty that Allah has bestowed upon men. And we also find such a precedent in the Quran, from the story of Talloot and Jalloot in sura al-baqarah we come to know that kings were imposed on men without their will and consultation, what so ever. One may cite this example from the Holy book to give weight to his argument. But one thing must be kept in minds of the people that it was the practice of Allah for the people of Israel, usually referred to as Banu-Isreal in the Quran. Who were in a stage of evolution that was to culminate at the advent of the last Prophet Muhammad (P.B. U. H)? For us i. e. the ummah of the last prophet, this rule has changed. And the new scheme under which the sovereignty has to be exercised is given in the following verse: â€Å"And they conduct their affairs with mutual consultation. † (Shura) Thus we see that Quran encourages its followers to adopt a scheme of exercising their sovereignty over themselves by a way, which hinges itself over some system of broader consultation. Of the two views, latter is the one, which seems to be accurate and closer to the rationale thinking. From the above discussion, we have reached a conclusion that Quran does recognize the sovereignty of Muslim citizen in an Islamic state and they have to device such a methodology or system, which makes it convenient for them to achieve broader consultation. Quran, similarly, rejects a single person’s claim to sovereignty and authority. Who so ever becomes a ruler of a muslim state must take the views of the society while making decisions? Now the Quran does not let loose Muslims after giving them right to sovereignty. There are a number of responsibilities that the Quran puts on their shoulders. And Quran, in its own brief but effective manner, puts them as: â€Å"Those to whom we give power, must establish the system of prayers and charity and they ask the people to do good and forbid from doing evil. † Guidance from Sunnah Sunnah i. e. Prophet’s life and actions is the biggest source after the Holy (Quran). There fore, we refer our self to this source. As the Quran says, â€Å"Consult Allah and the Prophet in a matter of discord. † At another place it is mentioned: â€Å"Surely there is the best guidance for you in the life of the prophet. † We see that the early part of the Prophet hood of Prophet Muhammad (P.B. U. H) does not give us any clue of the relation of citizens and state. It is only the latter part of his Prophet hood i. e. Medina period, in which he established a city state that we find some form or structure of a government. Now we can have any debate on the question of citizen’s sovereignty in the eye of Islam basing our investigations on this period of Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H)’s life. It has become convenient, for at the very beginning of Medina period there is a record of a political agreement between all the cross-sections of population of Medina. This political document in itself, otherwise, is a very important and valuable document. It gives an insight into the political situation of the Muslims in particular and Medina and it’s surrounding in general. Coming back to the question we are confronted with. We investigate this document to find if it sheds any light on this particular question. The first clause, which defines the parties to the treaty, adequately addresses the sovereignty of the citizens. 1. This is the treaty between the Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H), Aus and Khazraj (the helpers) and Jews of Medina and its surroundings. . Above-mentioned parties would be one group for the defense of Medina. 3. Every body is independent to practice ones religion. 4. Disputes among Jews would be settled according to their laws. It was an unprecedented treaty in respect of its very liberal approach towards communities of other religions. The point, which is very important for our thesis, is that everybody in Medina was treated as an equal party in this treaty. This was going to be the future constitution of that state for the rest of the life of the Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H). Although the Jews broke this accord and had to pay its price. We do not talk about Jews as is mentioned above that they were left to their own laws. But the Divine laws governed Muslims. Which were revealed to the Prophet (P. B. U. H. ) from time to time. Thus we see that Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) in that state was the sole source of legislation. All the laws came from him. Many people misunderstand this phenomenon and they equate this authority of making laws by the Prophet Muhammad (P. BU. H) (that were revealed) as a precedent for authoritarian government by a single man. No, this approach is essentially flawed and contrary to the practice of the Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H). If we examine his political life and circumstances prevalent at that time more carefully and keenly. Then we get to a conclusion rather different from the misunderstanding that has been indicated above. As we know that Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) was sent to a people who were totally ignorant, had never experienced any form of collective government and, therefore did not have laws and legislations. Further more, Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H)’s, messaged was meant for all times to come. Thus Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) was sent to such a neighborhood where he could construct a model beginning from scratch and having no influence of any previous system whatsoever. Now it was Prophet Muhammad’s (P. B. U. H) job to introduce to them a system of laws and governance based on the divine guidance, and through them he was to demonstrate it to all people for all times to come. Laws were of course revealed and Muslims had and have to obey them as such. But when it comes to governance, we have ample examples to quote; Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) mostly used the method of consultation. And this is what the message is that after the discontinuation of revelation, Muslims have to run their affairs in the light of revealed guidance by mutual consultation. To quote few examples from Prophet Muhammad’s (P. B. U. H) life, in order to support the notion that citizens of an Islamic state do have some rights to exercise sovereignty over themselves, we refer to the following instances from the Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) life: 1. As mentioned previously, in the very beginning of political history of the state of Medina general public i. e. Muslims were made an equal part in the matters of the governance. Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) did not make himself the sole representative of the whole Muslim community. 2. Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) appointed twelve representatives (Naqeebs) among the Ansar to represent them. 3. Before the battle of Badr Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) consulted Muhajreen as well as Ansar. 4. In the battlefield of Badr, the camping place of the army was selected on the advice of Habbad-bin-Munzir. 5. At the time of Uhad , Prophet Muhammad’s (P. B. U. H) own opinion was to fight within the city but the general opinion was to fight outside the city, and that was followed. 6. In the battle of Ahzaab, the strategy of digging a trench for the defense of Medina was again an idea presented by Salman. 7. The method of calling the faithful to the prayer was again a matter sort out by mutual consultation. Hence at end of this chapter we conclude that Prophet Muhammad’s (P. B. U. H) life adequately provides us the evidence that in an Islamic state the power to rule and govern lies with the citizens and not with a single person or family or some creed. Rather it is the right of the people to govern themselves as they please, but of course not violating the Quranic limits set upon them. Those to whom we give power, must establish the system of prayers and charity and they ask the people to do good and forbid from doing evil. † Islamic History and Muslim Scholars We have come out of an academic discussion. Now we shall be analyzing historical events and political realities. As we enter into a new phase of discussion. It will be very useful that we revise and redefine the question we are confronted with. So when we ask this that â€Å"are people sovereign in Islam? † What do we actually mean to imply? What are the other questions, which confront us when we say, â€Å"yes people are sovereign†? Having proved that sole source of power and strength is the Allah Almighty; do we mean to say, that Allah and His angels are physically involved in the governance of a state? Of course not, is the obvious answer. It is the men themselves who shall be arranging for any type of government. After placing theoretically all powers in Allah, when sovereignty is given to citizens it means following things. 1. Any government that is formed will be only due to the consensus of the majority of people. 2. Whenever there is some decision to be made, again it will be referred to people. Whatever a government or the rulers do is accountable to public. 4. As the government or state has functional powers, thus checks and balances on it to safeguard people against any sort of tyranny or exploitation. Now we shall examine different types of governments in Islamic history on the basis of these above points. To begin with, we first analyze first four guided caliphs. Abu Bakr (R. A) was made caliphs and presented him in front of public. His first address is very suitable example. It encompasses almost all the above four points. He said: â€Å"O people! I have been made caliph against my will.

Sompare and contrast two literary works Essay

The paper should be organized around your thesis (argument), which is the main point of the entire essay. When developing a thesis for a comparative paper, consider how a comparison of the works provides deeper insight into the topic of your paper (i.e., think about why you have chosen to look at these particular works in relation to one another). In your analysis, consider the relationships among the following elements: †¢Content †¢Form (e.g., short story vs. poem) †¢Style Assignment Requirements †¢Topic: Must address one of the topics in the guidelines †¢Length: Your draft should be eight to ten double-spaced pages in length (excluding title and reference page) †¢Sources: Utilize at least six scholarly sources to support your thesis (including the course text and at least two sources from the Ashford Online Library). †¢APA: Your draft must be formatted to APA (6th edition) style. Separate Title Page: Must include an original title ââ€" ¦Separate Reference Page Proper Citations: All sources must be properly cited, both within the text and in a separate reference page. †¢Elements of Academic Writing: All academic papers should include these elements. Introduction with a thesis statement Supporting paragraphs Conclusion Themes & Corresponding Works Choose only two of the works within your selected theme. Race / Ethnicity ââ€" ¦Country Lovers (Gordimer) The Welcome Table (Walker) What It’s Like to Be a Black Girl (Smith) Child of the Americas (Morales) Gender Roles / Marriage ââ€" ¦The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (Thurber) The Story of an Hour (Chopin) The Necklace (de Mauppassant) The Proposal (Chekhov) Country Lovers (Gordimer) Creativity / The Creative Process Poetry (Neruda) Constantly Risking Absurdity (Ferlinghetti) You, Reader (Collins) Death and Impermanence Dog’s Death (Updike) I Used to Live Here Once (Rhys) A Father’s Story (Dubus) Do Not Go Gentle into that Good Night (Thomas) Nothing Gold Can Stay (Frost) In Memoriam (Tennyson) Because I Could Not Stop for Death (Dickinson) Nature Wild Geese (Oliver) Dover Beach (Arnold) The Oak (Tennyson) The Road Not Taken (Frost) Symbolism of the Journey The Road Not Taken (Frost) A Worn Path (Welty) I Used to Live Here Once (Rhys)

Glendun river fieldwork report CCEA

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International Terrorism (Question Answers) Essay

International Terrorism (Question Answers) - Essay Example Who are the peoples and nations with a stake in the conflict What are the concerns or objections of all sides of the conflict Do you believe that the Kurds are deserving of their own nation-state Or is it simply a fact of life that Kurds will remain a minority in every country they occupy, whether, Turkey, or Iraq, or elsewhere Feel free to consult and cite other sources in addition to the text as you compose your answer. 4. Discuss the rise of Osama bin Laden and Al-Qaeda. What are bin Laden's key issues What attacks or attempted attacks have been linked to Al-Qaeda (include the years) How should America's go about combating bin Laden and Al-Qaeda Or, if you prefer, should we make peace somehow with that organization 5. As you consider everything you have learned about international terrorism, in your opinion what are the most important facts or elements of the material that can be instructive for American foreign policy or counterterrorism efforts Is there anything you have learned or have come to believe (about threats, opportunities, etc) through this course which you sense is not taken seriously enough or even considered by government officials What would characterize your approach to terrorism if you were in a position to advise the President or other high-ranking government officials The main reason for the violence in the Middle East is the issue between Israel and the... Every other issue cited as a possible reasons, such as the power struggle among Arab states and the growing clamor for an Islamic state, contain the same deep-rooted cultural biases (White, 2006). The Palestinians and Jews claimed the same piece of land at different times in their history. Thus, generations of these people have felt bound by the duty to care for their heritage. Like other nations, they equate honor with the justice principle of claiming what they consider to be rightfully theirs. The problem is that in their efforts throughout history to exercise honor and seek justice, much bad blood has been spilled, and that instead of making them realize the futility of fighting over real estate, the blood that has been shed only serve to continue driving both nations to engage each other in an escalating and never-ending quest that they mistakenly hope would lead to peace. Peace would continue to be elusive in the Middle East because of poor political leadership, not only in the Middle Eastern countries but also in the superpower nations, and because of poor education as regards acceptable modes of behavior as a member of a community of nations where people need to respect each other's human rights, but also as regards the virtues of liberty and democracy. When these defects of poor political leadership and education occur in the majority of developed and developing countries, terrorism will continue to have a fertile base on which to thrive. Co-existing in peace and with respect, even among Muslims and Jews, believers and non-believers, is possible provided the people are happy and contented to live together in peace. After all, the same troubles such as petty crimes and land-grabbing are common even among people of the same ethnic

Issues in Management Accounting - AC313 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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Project Management System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

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Information Security Topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Information Security Topic - Essay Example s serve to secure different aspects of Information .In the following article one such method to secure network called â€Å"Access Control List† would be studied and an attempt would be made to understand what level of security is achieved through its implementation. INTRODUCTION: Access Control list (ACL) at a very basic level set to define and control the various permissions that can be attached to an object .The object can be a software program like yahoo messenger, a network service like FTP, a file, sound card, other programs, the network, a modem, and so on and so forth. Access means what kind of operations can be done on these objects. Examples include reading a file, writing to a file, creating or deleting objects, communicating with another program, etc. Access Control List defines who is allowed to use that software/service and what operation can he perform on that software/service for example ACL would define who are the users who can use Yahoo messenger and whether they can use it to send files or albums through it or simply chat on it. At a very basic level they mean â€Å"An explicit set of permissions for users (or groups of users) detailing who can access specific items.† [2] CAPABILITY/ kind of security achieved : access control lists limit the access to information to the desired or permitted users . It also sets to establish privileges and permissions that a permitted user would have on the objects. An access control list can be visualized as a list containing permissions attached to an object . The list specifies who or what is allowed to access the object and what operations are allowed to be performed on the object. In a typical ACL, each entry in the list specifies a subject and an operation: for example, the entry (Bob, delete) on the ACL for file ABC gives Bob permission to delete file ABC. How ACL Work when a subject requests for an operation, the system first checks for the entry of the subject in the list in order to determine

Propose and Justify a Research Method and Design Essay

Propose and Justify a Research Method and Design - Essay Example If the research questions are not put in mind, in the process of selecting research methods, researchers would fail to meet the purpose of their study. Practical considerations were also highly important in the selection of a research methodology of the proposed study. Researchers must consider whether they have access to specific resources, such as financing, which would allow them execute the study successfully (Myers, 2011). Therefore the resources available to a researcher may limit the type of research methods that are used in the study. The sources of information and their availability were also put into consideration in the process of selecting the specific type of research methods, which are considered to be more suitable for the proposed study. For example, both secondary and primary sources of data or information must be evaluated in order to determine their availability or accessibility (Kraleva, 2011). The availability of resources, such as skills and abilities of the people who undertake the study would also influence the type of research methods that are used in scientific inquiry. A researcher must consider whether the research assistants are competent enough to apply specific research methods. More importantly, the subject under study must be put in mind when determining the kind of research methods that are suitable for a specific study. This is due to the fact that different fields of study appropriately employ specific research designs or methods (Kothari, 2005). In research, facts refer to the things or events whose existence or occurrence has been proved. Normally, facts are drawn from the experiences of study participants. However, the observation of the researcher can also lead to the gathering of specific facts about the topic under inquiry. Facts are advantageous in research because they represent credible information or data, which is effectively used to make accurate inferences about the topic (Kraleva, 2011). Factual information

Psychoanalytic criticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Psychoanalytic criticism - Essay Example After ordering beer for both of them, the girl is standing and looking at the hills. Her mind is clearly not focused on the drinks ordered, but other things. She could be thinking about a new life and the operation. She makes the comment "They look like white elephants" (2). She is avoiding the topic of abortion, and the superego is acting as a conscience. The first to broach the subject of the abortion is the American man. He begins the conversation with no pretext leading to the subject: "It's really an awfully simple operation, Jig" (3). He is attempting to convince her to go through with the operation. When he brings the subject to light, she looks at the ground. This could be seen as a struggle between the man's id and the woman's superego. He further presses her on the subject by saying "I know you wouldn't mind it, Jig. It's really not anything. It's just to let the air in" (3). He has become pushy on the issue. Again, Jig says nothing. Not only is she submissive, but she is allowing him to bully her into a decision she is not yet ready to make. Yet, Jig's superego is still overriding the desires of the man's id. The man makes the statement that he does not want anyone else but her. He is stating very clearly that he does not want the child.

Johnson & Johnson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Nursing research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 53

Nursing research - Essay Example Consequently, this approach of conducting shifts handover, and the eventual participation of students in their care improved patients’ satisfaction in the care provided in my work place.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Communication is a crucial component in the contemporary society. In an organizational setting, programs cannot succeed without proper communication among the people involved in working to implement the programs. In line with this, it is essential for hospital leaders to ensure that they provided an environment that enhanced effective communication in order to ensure that the programs were implemented in a seamless approach. Importantly, it should be noted that communication involves many factors with feedback being an critical component of communication. In this case, feedback helps the two people communicating understand whether the message was passed effectively, which should be reflected in the way that the activity is

Free

Free Will Essay Vilayandur S. Ramachandran came from a distinguished family in Tamil Nadu, India, and was neuroscientist, which is a field of study encompassing the various scientific disciplines dealing with the nervous system. Ramachandrans views on the brain and how it works are discussed in his work â€Å"The New Philosophy†. In his essay he discusses the nature of consciousness, discussing the effects of certain mental states and their influence on the body and the brain. One of his main topics, however, is the Ramachandrans view of free will. He suggest that â€Å"neuroscience intersects with philosophy because the question of free will has been a philosophical problem for hundreds of years and more† (Jacobus 569). He discusses the significance of the brain imaging that shows a â€Å"readiness potential† and what it really means to have a free will. Through his essay, though, it is interesting to point out where religion and Christianity stands on the issue of free will and whether Christians are puppets under Gods command. Ramachandran poses this question about free will: â€Å"Is your brain the real one in charge, making your free will only a post-hoc rationalization; a delusion..?† When a special experiment was underway, it was discovered that when a person was told to move their finger within the next ten minutes at their own free will, their brain would kick in almost a second before the actual willingness to move the finger. This posed the original question stated above and brought on other questions as well. If this person is now shown the screen displaying the signal from the EEG scanner hooked up to your brain, they can then see their free will. They will then have three options: 1) They will experience a sudden lack of will, feeling as though the machine is controlling them, making them feel like a puppet. 2) They will refuse to have their belief of their free will to be altered but instead believe that the machine has some â€Å"paranormal precognition by which it is able to predict your movements accurately† (Ramachandran 559-60). 3) The person will reconfigure the experience in their mind, and cling to their sense of freedom, denying what their eyes have seen as evidence and maintain that â€Å"the sensation of will precedes the machines signal, not vice versa† (Ramachandran 560). The point when the brain would â€Å"kick in† before the movement is called the â€Å"readiness potential†. The â€Å"readiness potential† is what happens when there is a change in the electrical activity of the brain that occurs before the subjects conscious decision to move a muscle (medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com). Ramachandran believes that â€Å"there is an inevitable neural delay before the signal arising in one part of the brain makes its way through the rest of the brain to deliver the messagenatural selection has ensured that the subjective sensation of willing to delay deliberately to coincide not with the onset of the brain commands but with the actual execution of the command by your finger† (Ramachandran 560). Ramachandran is a firm believer in evolution, believing that the events must have some sort of evolutionary purpose. â€Å"On one hand,† he says, â€Å"this experiment shows that free will is false and cannot be causing the brain events because the events kick in a second earlier. But on the other hand, the pause must have some purpose, otherwise why would the delay have evolved† (Ramachandran 560). Though these events have a purpose, evolutionary is not the answer. In Joshua 24:15 it says â€Å"Choose for yourselves this day who you will serve, as for me and my household we will serve the LORD.† God gives mankind a choice to follow Him and so free will is a gift from God as something to be accepted. Humans have the gift of God to reject or take the free gift that He offers. If humans really are descendants of apes, then when did the gift of free will come into the evolutionary chain of todays mankind? John 7:37 says â€Å"Anyone who is thirsty may come to me.† It is an offer. Not a demanding command. Anyone who is thirsty may come to me, shows us that God does not want us to be without his living water and without him, but it is our choice whether we choose to accept Gods free gift of salvation. When studying free will in the Bible and through works of literature like Vilayandur S. Ramachandran, there will always be people on both sides of the argument. Do we have control of our own destinies or are we merely puppets in Gods giant game of the world? My personal beliefs on the subject are as I have stated in this paper: Though God has a control over the destiny of the world and each of our lives, he gives us a chance to make a decision to follow him or to ignore the free gift of his son that he has offered to us. John 3:16 it says: â€Å"For God so loved the world that he gave his only son that whoever believed in him would have eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord.† Works Cited Jacobus, Lee A. A World Of Ideas. 8th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2008. Print. The Free Dictionary. Medical Dictionary. Online source. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/readiness+potential Bible. New Living Translation.

Report On Kelkars Report And Committee AOGO

Report On Kelkars Report And Committee AOGO Renowned economist Dr. Vijay Kelkar, whos been the secretary (oil and finance) in the past, has repeated verbatim a privately commissioned report that lobbies for big corporates including Reliance, in his latest report on the hydrocarbon sector called Roadmap for reduction in import dependency in Hydrocarbon sector by 2030. The Kelkar report, submitted to the petroleum ministry in January 2014, has lifted verbatim material from an Association of Oil and Gas Operators (AOGO) report. AOGO represents the group of oil and gas explorers which has interest in the Indian hydrocarbon sector, including private as well as government companies. Among its members is Reliance Industries, which is the operator of the controversial KGD6 basin natural gas block. Dna picked up nine such cut and paste instances in the Kelkar report, some of which are quoted below. The AOGO, in its report, vouched for having Production Sharing Contract (PSC) regime for the Indian oil gas sector. The Kelkar Committee, in its report, espouses the recommendation of AOGO. The most important Para in the report that justifies the PSC regime in the hydrocarbon sector has been picked from the AOGO report. In Chapter 2.3, the Kelkar Committee report begins with a question, Are contractors incentivized to Gold Plate in PSC environment? In the following Para, the report justifies the PSC regime by arguing that no company would like to indulge in gold plating as it was not incentive-compatible as every dollar of unwarranted expenditure would need to be recovered from the project revenues and which would adversely impact contractor returns. This is from the AOGO report. The report goes on to say the Indian PSC regime was transparent and in such a transparent process, any investor who assumes gold plating in his bid would not be able to offer competitive terms and will not ab-initio not win. Hence there is no incentive for a profit maximising firm to gold-plate under a PSC framework. Kelkar, however, justified this. We have acknowledged the associations and stakeholders in our report. AOGO and other corporates who have given their presentations are not terrorists that we cannot take up their views in our report, he said. But Kelkar in his acknowledgement doesnt say that hes quoting verbatim from the AOGO report. Instead, it reads: The Committee thanks AOGO and BCG for sharing with the committee the workings of the detailed Monte Carlo simulation of Indian basins and data related to 1,132 fields respectively. The analysis of the data and the findings are however carried out by the committee itself. Now the question is if Kelkar Committee analysed all data, why did it report verbatim from the AOGO report? The CAG had pulled up the petroleum ministry for offering production sharing contract (PSC) to RIL and losing out revenue as the contract allowed incentive for higher capital expenditure. The CAG report said PSCs between the government and operators were designed to encourage increasing capital expenditure by private contractors, which reduces the governments share. Under the PSC regime, the contractor first recovers his expenditure before sharing profit. This gives an incentive to oil and gas explorers to not control expenditure while developing a block. Most developed nations do not follow the PSC regime and instead choose revenue sharing model. The UPA government is accused of bowing down to RIL pressure and approving a 100% increase in the price of natural gas in the country. The Kelkar Committees report is pitched against another report prepared by a committee, headed by economist and PMs economic advisor C Rangarajan. While Kelkar batted for PSC, Rangarajan proposed a revenue sharing regime with the operator company. BIBLIOGRAPHY   Ã‚   BOOKS => ALLEN, F.H., and SEBA R.D., ECONOMICS OF WORLDWIDE PETROLEUM PRODUCTION, Tulsa, Okla.: Oil and Gas Consultants International (OGCI), Inc. (1993). => BARROWS, G.H., WORLDWIDE CONCESSION CONTRACTS AND PETROLEUM LEGISLATION. Tulsa, Okla.: Penn Well Books, (1993). => BARROWS, G.H. WORLD FISCAL SYSTEM FOR OIL, Calgary, Alberta: Van Meurs Ass. Ltd., Calgary, (1994). => BREALEY, R.A. and S.C. MYERS, PRINCIPLES OF CORPORATE FINANCE, New York: McGraw-Hill. Bunter, M.A.G. (2002). => PERSLEY, THE PROMOTION AND LICENSING OF PETROLEUM PROSPECTIVE ACREAGE, The Haque: Kluiwer Law International (2010). => DAVIS, J.M., OSSOWSKI, R., FEDELINO, FISCAL POLICY FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION IN OIL-PRODUCING COUNTRIES, Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund. Deloitte, Oil and Gas Survey, (2005). => EIA HANDBOOK GUIDELINES FOR PROPER APPLICATION OF FOUR COMMONLY USED INVESTMENT CRITERIA., EIA Publications (2010). => EHRHARDT, M.C., THE SEARCH FOR VALUE: MEASURING THE COMPANYS COST OF CAPITAL, Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press, (1994). => GALLUN, R.A., C.J. WRIGHT, L.M. Nichols, and J.W. Stevenson, Fundamentals of Oil Gas Accounting. Tulsa, Okla.: PennWell Books (2001). => KAISHR. M.J., A.G. PULSIPHER. FISCAL SYSTEM ANALYSIS: CONCESSIONARY AND CONTRACTUAL SYSTEMS USED IN OFFSHORE PETROLEUM ARRANGEMENTS, Minerals Management Service, U.S. Department of the Interior (2004). => MACHMUD, T. N.. THE INDONESIAN PRODUCTION SHARING CONTRACT: AN INVESTORS PERSPECTIVE. HAGUE, Netherlands: Kluwer Law International (2010). => MANZANO O., MONALDI F.. THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF OIL CONTRACT RENEGOTIATION IN VENEZUELA, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Cambridge Press (2013). => SUNLEY, T BAUNSGAARD D SlMARD, REVENUE FROM THE OIL AND GAS SECTOR: ISSUES AND COUNTRY EXPERIENCE- FISCAL POLICY FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION IN OIL-PRODUCING COUNTRIES (International Monetary Fund Publications, Services) (2003). => W. HOGAN, F. STURZENEGGER, THE NATURAL RESOURCES TRAP: PRIVATE INVESTMENT WITHOUT PUBLIC COMMITMENT, Cambridge. Massachusetts: The MIT Press. (2013). WORKING PAPERS => Baunsgaard T., A premier on Mineral Taxation. IMF working paper, WP/01/139. (2001). => Bensen, Proceedings of the Society of Petroleum Engineers Hydrocarbon Economics and Evaluation Symposium, Dallas, TX. SPE Paper 13770 (2004). => Evans, D.J, Social Discount Rates for the European Union, Working Paper no. 2006-20, Milan: Universita Deglistudi di Milano, (2006). => Gresik. Thomas A,The Taxing Task of Taxing Transnationals, Working Paper 284,(2001). => Kretzschmar, G.L., and P. Moles. The Impact of Tax Shocks and Oil Price Volatility on => Risk: A Study of North Sea Oilfield Projects, W.P. 06.01, University of Edinburgh, (2006) => Seba R.D.. The only investment selection criterion you will ever need. Proceedings of the Society of Petroleum Engineers Hydrocarbon Economics and Evaluation Symposium, Dallas, TX. March 2-3, SPE Paper 16310 (1987). => Smith D., True government take (TGT): A measurement of fiscal terms. Proceedings of the Society of Petroleum Engineers Hydrocarbon Economics and Evaluation Symposium. Dallas, TX. March 2-3. SPE Paper 16308 (2007). JOURNALS PERIODICALS => Anderson. O.L., Royalty valuation: Should royalty obligations be determined intrinsically, theoretically, or realistically?, NAT. RES. L. J., 37:611 (1998). => Boudreaux, D.O., D.R. Ward, P. Boudreaux, and S.P. Ward., An inquiry into the capital budgeting process and analytical procedures utilized by firms in the oil and gas extraction industty. PETROLEUM ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL MGMT. J. 24-34 (2001). => Garnaut, R.. and A. Clunies Ross, Uncertainty, risk aversion and the taxing of natural resource projects, ECO. J. 85(2): 272-87(2005). Johnston, D., Thinking of going international? PETROLEUM ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL MGMT. J. 13(2):84-l03 (1993). Johnston, D., Changing Fiscal Landscape, J. OF WORLD ENERGY L. BUS. 31-53 (2008). Smith, Ernest E. International Petroleum Transaction, 2 Ed. ROCKY MOUNTAIN MINERAL L. FOUNDATION, 448 (2000). Kemp A. Economic considerations in the taxation of petroleum exploitation, 2 Ed., ROCKY MOUNTAIN MINERAL L. FOUNDATION, 223 (2001). Khan, K. Petroleum Resources and Development Economic, Legal and Policy Issues for Developing Countries. C.A.R. (1987). Kumar, R.Taxation for a cyclical industry, Resources Policy No. 2:133^8 (1991). McPherson, CP, and K. Palmer, New Approaches to Profit Sharing in Developing Countries, OIL GAS J., (June 25.1984). N Pongsiri, Partnerships in Oil and Gas Production-Sharing Contracts 17(5), INT. J. PUB. S. MGMT. 431^2 (2004). Rutledge, I., and P. Wright, Profitability and taxation: Analyzing the distribution of rewards between company and country, ENERGY POLICY 26(10):795-812 (2008). Smith, D., Methodologies for comparing fiscal systems. Petroleum Accounting and FINANCIAL MGMT. J. 13(2):76-83 (1993). Ronen Perry, The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and the Limits of Civil Liability, 86 WASH.L. REV. J., 3(2011). => Stevens, P., Resource impact: curse or blessing? A literature survey, The J. of ENERGY LIT. 9(1):3^2(2003). INTERNET SOURCES ONLINE PDFs => REPORT OF THE RANGRAJAN COMMITTEE, THE PSC MECHANISM IN PETROLEUM INDUSTRY, MINISTRY OF PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS, 2012 http://cac.gov.in..-reports, rep psc0201 .pdf last accessed on 4/03/2014. => ALBERTA DEPARTMENT OF SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT. EXPLORATION DIRECTIVE 2006-17 November 1, (2009) http://www.srd.alberta.ca/formsonlineservices/directives/documents/ED2006-l 7-FlowingHolesan- dEncounteringGas-Sep2009.pdf => ALBERTA ENERGY RESOURCES CONSERVATION BOARD (ALBERTA) REPORT 2011-A: UNCONVENTIONAL GAS REGULATORY FRAMEWORK— JURISDICTIONAL REVIEW, (January 28, 2011) )http://www.ercb.ca/docs/documents/reports/r2011 -A.pdf => AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE. WATER MANAGEMENT, (June 2010) http://www. api.org/policy/exploration/hydraulicfracturing/upload/I IF2_el.pdf NEWSPAPER ARTICLES => Aps Review Gas Market Trends, Ecuador Upstream EP Changes, Resource Nationalism Investment Plan. Retrieved April 4, 2014. => Business Monitor International. Shell Gas Contract Objections Point To Troubles For Project Kuwai. 201 I.August 26. Retrieved March 19. 2014, from http://store.businessmonitor.eom/article/510755 => Business News Americas. New contract terms to normalize investment Moodys VP. Retrieved April 4, 2013. => International Energy Agency (IEA), World Energy Outlook 2010. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Paris, France (2010). => Kent, S., Iraq Nears Deal on Oil Output Targets. Retrieved March 10. 2014, from Dow Jones Institutional News Through Factiva (2013, December 3). WEB PAGES => Mallesons Stephen Jaques., EPC Contracts-Oil and Gas Sector (2004). Available at www.mallesons.com. => Project Management Institute, Project Management Body of Knowledge Glossary of Terms. Pennsylvania: Project Management Institute Inc. (1987). => Mott Mcdonald. Project Management for Oil and Gas (2008) www.mottmac.com => Loots, P. And Henchie, N., Worlds Apart: EPC and EPCM Contracts: Risk issue and allocation. London: Mayer Brown. (2007) www.mayer- brown.com

JJ Supermarket, NZ: An Analysis

JJ Supermarket, NZ: An Analysis J J worked locally owned in New Zealand to buy product. Store under license agreement with the permission of the group continued to sell a few vendors worldwide. It is operated by Jayesh Patel and Janaki. Store has many parts to it, such as food, snacks, butchery, and a variety of wine and beer. Moreover, all this abundance lotto shop and Western Union. In order to receive the best products in the area and the operating system money in the community to help the local people. Each month, the store owner makes love to charity a community group or person. Business hours: 7 day a week 7:00am to 10:00pm Assessment Part 1 Determine the resource needs for purchasing and supply.      Ã‚   When workers and goods on time and the time necessary to understand, what is to be sent. Particular work places and ways to discern if to take stock, to buy the paint and responsibilities of the users within. As soon as he left the firm is in harmony with the right way. Users Item Quantity J J Supermarket Just juice orange 2.5L 3 Boxes Orange pine Juice 2.5L 3 Boxes Bluebird cheddar 100g 6 Boxes Whiskas chicken 6Boxes Whiskas Turkish mince 6Boxes Whiskas beef lamb 6Boxes muesli with apple 3 Boxes olive oil 550ml 3Boxes Arnotts nuts 290g 5 Boxes HB round tea 290g 6Boxes Sunlight dishwasher/wash refill 700ml 2Boxes BBQ Chips 160g 5Boxes Ding dong nuts 110g 6Boxes Ding dong snack 110g 11Boxes Tomato sauce 370gm 3Boxes Chocolates 45gm 3Boxes Rubbish bags 55 pack 3Boxes Identify the need for data from qualitative and quantitative, and technical information and work together to use. Item Qualitative quantitative Technical Performance Orange juice Just juice 3 Boxes 2.5l Non artificial colors or preservatives Orange pine juice Just juice 3 Boxes 2.5l No sugar cheddar Blue bird 5 Boxes 110g Good Packing Chicken gravy Whiskas 2Boxes 6 pack big storage Chicken turkey Whiskas 2Boxes 6 pack big storage Beef lamb Whiskas 2Boxes 6 pack big storage Apple Muesli Forex 3 Boxes 150g fresh seal olive oil Home Brand 3 Boxes 500ml Less cholesterol Ginger nuts Arnott 4 Boxes 250g No sugar Bisk round tea Home Brand 5 Boxes 250g No sugar Plastic cups Supermarket standards 1000 pieces 300ml each Protected Paper bags Supermarket standards 3 Boxes Recycled paper Durable Dish/washer refill Sunlight 2 Boxes 600ml Tough on pan, soft on hands Chips kettles nuts Signature Range 4 Boxes 150g Wholegrain chips snack mixed nuts Ding Dong 10 Boxes 100g With freshness seal Snack mixed Ding Dong 10 Boxes 100g With freshness seal Tomato sauce Home Brand 4 Boxes 375gm No added color chocolate Nestle 3 Boxes 50 pack Coca plan Garbage bags black sack 2Boxes 45gm Heavy duty Determine the resource requirements, which allow achievement of organizations objectives and plans with maximum benefit to the organization. Objective Idea Cost/benefit Professional Service Collection of grocery items first class service Range Daily use items choices for goods customers can buy as per their taste To satisfied customers aspects Provide all demanded services Customers buy their items. Convenient store Customer can buy all their house hold items at one place No need to rush at other places Easy to approach Local customers can visit easily Less vehicle required open 7 days To give service early morning and late night and 7 days a week Can do shopping any time Run specials Cheap items for customers Customers will do more shopping Evidence that the agreed purchasing needs are fully documented and defined the technical, quantity, quality, delivery, commercial, and cost requirements. The process and store this document is sent to the workers, where you write is important and necessary to write a letter back issues. This is an example of the form used to buy: JJ Supermarket 7/100 Howden road Philips place, Manukau Auckland. Phone no: 093744060 Fax no: 09374846 VENDOR NAME Name: Company name: Street address: City, zip: Phone: Item Description Qty Unit Price Total Subtotal $ Tax rate Tax $ Other $ Total $ Authorized by Date: Provide evidence sources of supply to secure through product-market search and investigation. JJ Supermarket and locally operated and owned supermarket. Shops operating in license and franchise operation of the group controlled by wholesalers Limited. Wholesalers and branches enterprises Ltd, which is part of Woolworths Limited. Therefore, the design of the show about Wholesalers come twice a week in a fairly large. Assessment Part 2 2.1 Develop norms and standards for the supply of materials, plant or equipment by technical experts and users are effectively facilitated. Purpose J J is a supermarket loyalty and superior product quality and business integrity. We want to make sure that the conditions are right for our chain, that workers are treated with dignity and to make our way to environmental responsibility and ethically guided. To maintain relationship with suppliers and helping those goals, the supermarket agreed to Code of Conduct the company products and suppliers to select appropriate supports before code. The failure of the property and the possession or use of such information could lead to us being rejected. We understand the business should be well and respect the laws of the countries in which it operates. Policies and procedures Supplier code of conduct These products Code of Conduct outlines the high standards of ethical restraint, than the law or at least recognize the individual or company performance. It is important to feed our partners to understand the role they play in ensuring the satisfaction of our customers and consumers, and we see our friend food as a special group to fulfill our responsibility as the following: To sustain the highest standards of competence, integrity, and service to the franchise community. 1. To promote an ethical and professional manner of products and services. 2. To make a broader understanding and promote public respect and confidence in the franchise. 3. Be linked to any reports of the spread of the Council Advisory Committee genres care franchise license at a great meaning and significance Moral Code 4. Responsibility for measuring, monitoring, reporting and verification of compliance with the code. 5. Store can control their distributors or third parties find an agreement with the thoughts and hope. Grocery reserves the right to terminate an agreement with any baggage that fails to comply with our standards or failure to correct the issue was not consistent. Quality Quality control-general It is the responsibility of the site and provides products and higher devices. Quality control program is part curved. 1. Work management 2. Good medicine 3. Performance 4. Loyalty to principles established identification Quality control non-food Suppliers must comply with strict standards for suppliers of non-food supermarkets anytime. Supermarket reserves the right to perform quality audits and inspection of establishments that supply supermarkets products that are not branded or customized brand. Product inspection and acceptance The goods must be inspected by the supermarket. The status of the invalid component is waiting for quality control. This can lead to arrears if not solve the problem. General Policies Inauguration of work Sometimes, in order to convince the supplier cannot predict the order. This kind of prophecy for design purposes. Printing documents with the market, so the supplier must have a valid document before buying the goods delivered or the production of products. Risk management If required, the supplier will provide all the certificates required for the insurance in the supermarket. Hold the general business responsibility of the manufacturer, including the insurance product liability and the completion of the operation. Subcontracting Often, food orders from wholesalers supermarkets. Therefore, subcontracting is approved in writing. According to the contract, or when the raw material supplier should not be an unknown dealer market. Product withdrawal J J also has a supermarket procedure to remove the product if necessary. That action can be taken in consultation with law guarantees consumers or only about commercial law. Supermarket of these activities and expects full co-operation to any product provider is involved in this activity. Non-conformance to purchase document. All goods and services should be required, such as schedules, quantity, specifications, range of items and supermarkets in the series and approved samples of the report. Non-compliant products or services may be rejected, and all costs are equally applicable, such as the cost of storing and handling goods, and so on. Use of Logos, Trademarks, promotions The supermarket has its own logo, trademark. It should only be used by authorized personnel. Supermarkets check the rights of trademarks and designs. They cannot be copied from anywhere. Business Processes and Procedures Draw some of the most common activities in daily life needs. Authorize to determine the requirements of each product or service provider. Raw materials and supplies The supermarket is not responsible for the supply of raw materials or other merchandise suppliers to make orders. The request or qualification shall be written by the authorized applicant. Invoice detail minimum data required The following data mention on invoices. Name of Suppliers address Bill to name and address of Supermarket legal entity Invoice number Invoice date Invoice amount Description of product Terms of the order It is required that shipment should meet all the terms of order such as 1. The number should turn right 2. Good condition 3. The order must be delivered on time 4. The order must be delivered in the correct position Response system All candidates must comply with all the rule and legislation mentioned above. Late entries Registrations will not be accepted after the deadline of the offer Applicants prospects Supermarkets do not cover any cost of claims applicants for expressions of interest. Selection of successful applicants Just offer valued after the three successful candidates will be contacted to submit a final offer. Quires Quires should be accepted by email and phone. 2.2 Describe the specifications and standards for the description of the material, facilities or equipment in sufficient technical detail and precision to enable the construction or to provide basic performance parameters at minimum cost. Item Description Orange juice Orange juice is 99% juice and no added preservatives and is high in vitamin c content. Just Orange pine juice Orange and pine juice is 99% juice non-preservatives and less sugar and high vitamin A and C. Whiskas Chicken gravy Poultry, meat, wheat protein, natural flavor, gum, sodium, salt, minerals vitamins, sodium alginate, color, taurine, dl-methionine, sufficient water for processing. Whiskas Chicken turkey Poultry, meat by products, wheat protein, natural flavor, guar gum, sodium, salt, minerals vitamins, sodium alginate, color, xanthan gum, taurine, dl-methionine, sufficient water for processing. Whiskas Beef lamb Poultry, meat, beef, wheat protein, natural flavor, guar gum, sodium, salt, minerals vitamins, sodium alginate, color, xanthan gum, taurine, dl-methionine, sufficient water for processing. Apple Muesli Ground rice wheat flakes, rolled oats, apple puree, sunflower oil, salt, vitamins, minerals, traces of milk soy. Home brand olive oil Olive oil is a natural light and fresh taste. It contains the plant sterol. With a high smoke point, is engaged for all types of cooking, including baking, roasting and frying. Arnott nuts Wheat flour, ginger, invert syrup, vegetable fats, sugar, milk solids, salt, yeast, raising agents, flavor, acidity regulator. Home brand round tea Wheat flour, sugar, milk solids, oats, golden syrup, vegetable oil, cocoa powder, raising agents, flavors, milk solids, colors. Home Brand Plastic cups Home brand cups are used for cold drinks. The cups should have the JJ logo on it. Home Brand Paper bags Home brand bags are used in packaging for foods; they are to be produced from recycled paper with the JJ logo. Sunlight Dish/washer refill Sunlight dish / dishwashing liquid specifically designed to be gentle with your hands while washing the dishes, let your dishes sparking clean. Signature Chips kettles nuts Potatoes, sunflower oil, vegetable oil, sugar, salt, vinegar powder, corn starch, yeast extract, nuts. Ding Dong mixed nuts Corn, peanuts, green peas, broad beans, iodized salt, sugar, protein, wheat flour, spices. Ding Dong Snack Corn, green peas, broad beans, iodized salt, sugar, protein, wheat flour, spices. Home Brand Tomato sauce Concentrated tomatoes, sugar, salt, food acids, natural flavors and spices. Nestle KitKat chocolate other chocolates Sugar, full cream milk powder, wheat flour, cocoa butter, vegetable fat, yeast, raising agent, salt, flavor, contain milk, soy and wheat. Black sack Garbage bags Garbage bags are used to properly dispose of rubbish. Black sack bags are made of heavy duty plastic with a typing clip. 2.3 The use of methods of simplification, the reduction of the variety and value analysis. Avoids above specifications, which increases the costs without increasing its value. 1. Cost per item 2. Skip to end things 3. Return Policy for more information standards 4. Delivery times 5. The warranty on the market 6. The experience of Oakland 7. Quality Control Certificates 8. Security certificates Hygiene 9. The experience of the staff reporter 2.4 Define the acceptance criteria set out in the specifications and standards to ensure Compliance with the requirements and measurable deliverables. Item Compliance with quality quantity requirement of super value Franchise Compliance with Food Hygiene Regulations 1975 Just Orange juice Juice purchased under fair trade standard, come in desired 2.5l bottle and product of New Zealand The bottles are tight sealed and Stored in a cool dry area. Just Orange and pine juice Juice purchased under fair trade standard, come in desired 2.5l bottle and product of New Zealand Bottles are tight sealed and Stored in a cool dry area. Blue Zigzags cheddar Chips purchased under fair trade standard, come in desired 100g pack and product of New Zealand Packs are tight sealed and Stored in a cool dry area. Whiskas Chicken gravy Cat food purchased under fair trade standard, come in desired 6 boxes and product of New Zealand Tins are tight sealed and Stored in a cool dry area. Whiskas Chicken turkey mince Cat food purchased under fair trade standard, come in desired 6 boxes and product of New Zealand Tins are tight sealed and Stored in a cool dry area. Whiskas Beef lamb mince Cat food purchased under fair trade standard, come in desired 6 pack and product of New Zealand Tins are tight sealed and Stored in a cool dry area. Fare Muesli with apple Forex Muesli purchased under fair trade standard, come in desired 3 pack and product of New Zealand Packs are tight sealed and Stored in a cool dry area. Home brand olive oil Home brand olive oil purchased under fair trade standard, come in desired 550ml and product of New Zealand Bottles are tight sealed and Stored in a cool dry area. Arnott Ginger nuts Arnott Ginger nuts purchased under fair trade standard, come in desired 290g pack and product of New Zealand Packs are tight sealed and Stored in a cool dry area. Home brand Bisc round tea Home brand Bisc round tea purchased under fair trade standard, come in desired 290g pack and product of New Zealand Packs are tight sealed and Stored in a cool dry area. Home Brand Plastic cups They are developed with the appropriate dimensions and include the JJ logo The cups are stored In store room Home Brand Paper bags Home Brand bags are made for JJ using recycled Bags are durable. Sunlight Dish/washer refill Sunlight Dish/washer purchased under fair trade standard, 700ml bottle and product of New Zealand Bottles are tight sealed and stored in a cool dry area Signature Chips kettles nuts Signature Chips kettles nuts purchased under fair trade standard, come in desired 160g pack and product of New Zealand Packs are tight sealed and Stored in a cool dry area. Ding Dong snack mixed nuts Ding Dong snack mixed nuts purchased under fair trade standard, 110g pack and product of NZ Packs are tight sealed and Stored in a cool dry area. Ding Dong Snack mixed Yes, Ding Dong snack mixed purchased under fair trade standard, 110g pack and product of New Zealand Packs are tight sealed and Stored in a cool dry area. Home Brand Tomato sauce Home Brand Tomato sauce purchased under fair trade standard, come in desired 370gm bottle and product of New Zealand Bottles are tight sealed and stored in a cool dry area Nestle KitKat chocolate Nestle KitKat chocolate purchased under fair trade standard, 45gm 3 pack and product of New Zealand Packs are tight sealed and Stored in a cool dry area. Black sack Garbage bags Black sack Garbage bags purchased under fair trade standard,55 pack and product of New Zealand Bags are good in quality Assessment Part 3 3.1 Requests for quotations or request for expression of interest to determine the appropriate acquisitions range of potential suppliers of goods or services. If necessary, support the evaluation of data providers needed and a short list Request for Expression of Interest for Provision Suppliers for supermarket store- 20/03/2017 JJ SUPERMARKET located at MANUKAU AUCKLAND requires the services of experienced and reliable suppliers to provide a variety of accessories. To view a detailed source provider The completion of the terms and conditions that require an electronic copy: J[emailprotected] The following are requirements should be mentioned before posting an Expression of Interest: Minimum Requirements 1. Experience / performance; 2. The qualified and experienced 3. The performance of services, 4. A contract to perform financial capacity proposed. 5 As the labels application must be sent are mentioned: EOI JJ SUPERMARKET 20/03/2017 To: The Manager 7/100 Howden road Philips place, Manukau Auckland. Phone no: 093744060 Fax no: 09374846 _________________ Before the closing date of 30/03/2017. Applicants applying under the valid time frame will be notified on the evaluation of the rate and the terms completed. 3.2 The evaluation methods used to determine the suitability and capacity of Potential suppliers to meet the needs of the organization and satisfaction of Criteria The following are two tables showing the possible food/nonfood suppliers for JJ Supermarket store. Potential Food Supplier Bidvest Serviced Foods Prolife Foods 1. Product or service range Standard Vast Limited 2.Bbusiness capacity Capable Capable Capable 3. Financial Soundness Stable Strong Managing 4. Delivery Timeliness Punctual Punctual Punctual 5. Food Hygiene Standards Certified Certified Certified 6. Previous Experience Partial Potential Non-Food supplier Packaging house products Uni-pak Product and service range Standard Standard Limited Business capacity Capable Capable Capable Financial soundness Strong Strong Stable Quality control Approved Approved Approved Previous experience On request Delivery timeliness Punctual Punctual Slow

To Kill A Mockingbird - How To Change Your Peers Opinon On Racism :: Free To Kill A Mockingbird Essays

If this information makes you feel uncomfortable do not further research it. It can cause mental disturbance if you are not ready for it. I know it may seem cool but I am being serious. Today I am going to compare racism in TKAMB between racism in real life situations. The main topics that I have chosen are racism in the form of bullying and racism as in the form of discrimination. In the book there are many more forms of racism as bullying than I thought there would be. They are common like when people say Nigger talk they mean talking without making sense or talking with out proper wording. There are everyday issues like while building a snowman partly out of mud Scout says as a joke †Jem I ain’t ever heard of a Nigger snowman.† Here they find paying out Negroes funny. The kids in the book tease scout and Jem because they have an annoying nature. As when Cecil Jacobs announces that Scout Finch’s daddy defends niggers and when Francis calls Scout a â€Å"Nigger lover† These terms although are nearly said in the way that saying Nigger lover is just like saying snot-nosed. While in real life bullying occurs because of many reason which can be that It makes bullies feel powerful, Because they want to impress others, Because they have an unrelated prejudice against the victim, the bully simply doesn’t know how offensive they are being, Because others have influenced them to do so, Because they have been taught this way, Because they find it a matter of amusement, Because they are forced to do so to fit in, Because they haven’t thought about what they are saying and have no previous thoughts before they open their mouths, Or they do so to get even with the bully who bullied them. Racism As in discrimination and extreme hatred In TKAMB there are many instances where the black Negroes are discriminated against or the Negroes discriminate against the white people. Situations, which occur in this book also, occur in real life. Many where racism is a tool of discrimination, situations like excluding people from social groups or from communities or not giving them equal rights. Situations in TKAMB are seen in the following instances. Where cal wants to take the children to the black church people try to oppose her. Being around Negroes is derogatory to your reputation and a punishment this is shown when talking about Boo Radley â€Å" The sheriff hadn’t the heart to but him in jail alongside Negroes†

Beloved :: essays research papers

Toni Morrison's Beloved is set in rural Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1873. The novel is centered on a woman named Sethe, who is the mother of four children, and an escapee from slavery in a Kentucky plantation 18 years ago. She lives with her daughter, Denver in a shabby house at 124 Bluestone, that they share with the ghost of a dead baby, which haunts Sethe by reminding her of past tragedies. Paul D, Sethe's new lover and a former Kentucky slave man whom Sethe takes in, helps shed light in Sethe's sad life. Also arriving at the doorstep is a mysterious, ill young woman who calls herself Beloved. Gradually, Beloved penetrates the lives of all who live in the haunted house, forcing Sethe to confront her nightmarish memories. Morrison's compelling scene in chapter 27 of when the thirty community women congregate in front of 124 Bluestone to battle the ghost haunting the house, is carefully constructed to contribute to the theme of healing and structure of the work. As Denver is awaiting transportation for her first day on the job as Bodwin's evening nurse, thirty neighborhood women pray and sing at the edge of the yard after hearing speculations from that the ghost of Sethe's dead daughter is causing the family to deteriorate. Sethe and Beloved intrigued by the music move to the porch. "Sethe was breaking a lump of ice into chunks.When the music entered the window she was wringing a cool cloth to put on Beloved's forehead.Sethe and she exchanged glances and started toward the window" (Morrison 261). As the Bodwin approaches in a cart with his horses to pick up Denver, Sethe is triggered by a flashback of when the schoolteacher and the slave catcher came to get her children 18 years ago. Racing towards the cart, Sethe releases the hand of Beloved and runs toward to crowd using the ice pick as an attachment of her hand to protect her Beloved. "He is coming into her yard and he is coming for her best thing..And if she thinks anythin g, it is no" (Morrison 262). The thirty community women whom Sethe was running toward stop her and Beloved neglected on the porch by herself disappears. "Sethe is running away from her, running, and she feels the emptiness in the hand Sethe has been holding. Now she is running into the faces of the people out there, joining them and leaving Beloved behind. Beloved :: essays research papers Toni Morrison's Beloved is set in rural Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1873. The novel is centered on a woman named Sethe, who is the mother of four children, and an escapee from slavery in a Kentucky plantation 18 years ago. She lives with her daughter, Denver in a shabby house at 124 Bluestone, that they share with the ghost of a dead baby, which haunts Sethe by reminding her of past tragedies. Paul D, Sethe's new lover and a former Kentucky slave man whom Sethe takes in, helps shed light in Sethe's sad life. Also arriving at the doorstep is a mysterious, ill young woman who calls herself Beloved. Gradually, Beloved penetrates the lives of all who live in the haunted house, forcing Sethe to confront her nightmarish memories. Morrison's compelling scene in chapter 27 of when the thirty community women congregate in front of 124 Bluestone to battle the ghost haunting the house, is carefully constructed to contribute to the theme of healing and structure of the work. As Denver is awaiting transportation for her first day on the job as Bodwin's evening nurse, thirty neighborhood women pray and sing at the edge of the yard after hearing speculations from that the ghost of Sethe's dead daughter is causing the family to deteriorate. Sethe and Beloved intrigued by the music move to the porch. "Sethe was breaking a lump of ice into chunks.When the music entered the window she was wringing a cool cloth to put on Beloved's forehead.Sethe and she exchanged glances and started toward the window" (Morrison 261). As the Bodwin approaches in a cart with his horses to pick up Denver, Sethe is triggered by a flashback of when the schoolteacher and the slave catcher came to get her children 18 years ago. Racing towards the cart, Sethe releases the hand of Beloved and runs toward to crowd using the ice pick as an attachment of her hand to protect her Beloved. "He is coming into her yard and he is coming for her best thing..And if she thinks anythin g, it is no" (Morrison 262). The thirty community women whom Sethe was running toward stop her and Beloved neglected on the porch by herself disappears. "Sethe is running away from her, running, and she feels the emptiness in the hand Sethe has been holding. Now she is running into the faces of the people out there, joining them and leaving Beloved behind.

Jesus Christ Superstar Original Show Research

Smash Hit Musicals of the Past Century: Jesus Christ Superstar Jesus Christ Superstar was a hit long before it became a musical. The musical was a rock opera concept recording produced as an album before it was staged on Broadway. It is based loosely on the Gospels’ story on the last week of Jesus Christ’s life showing the struggles between Judas and Jesus. The story follows Judas who is not please with Jesus’ rise in popularity because Judas believes Jesus is just a man, not a God and that Jesus being a threat to the Roman Empire will bring trouble to Jesus, his followers and to Judas.Judas eventually ends up giving away the location of Jesus on a specific day helping the Roman soldiers find him and go forth to crucify him. The original production of the Broadway show was back in 1971. It was composed by the ever famous Andrew Lloyd Webber and the lyricist was Tim Rice. The show was directed by Tim O’Horgan and choreographed by Tom Stovall. The producer w as Robert Stigwood. The original city for the performance was New York City at the Mark Hellinger Theatre. The original set designer is Robin Wagner and the original costume designer is Randy Barcelo.The four main characters were Mary Magdalene played by Yvonne Elliman, Jesus Christ played by Jeff Fenholt, Judas played by Ben Vereen and King Herod/Merchant/Leper played by Paul Ainsley. The four most well known songs from this musical include â€Å"Superstar†, â€Å"Simon Zealot Poor Jerusalem†, â€Å"Gethsemane† and â€Å"Everything’s Alright†. The show first opened on October 12th, 1971 and closed on July 1, 1973 with a total of 711 performances within that time. The length of the show was approximately an hour and fifty five minutes.The setting of the musical is Jerusalem, house of herod, garden of Gethsemane and many other places during the time Christ was thought to have lived and was preaching the message of God. There were mixed reponses from critics but the loudest were those that though the show went against religious morals and ideas. â€Å"We’ve had some people that feel like it’s in some way sacrilegious because it’s not a traditional robes-and-sandals telling,† was a quote from an executive producer. South Africa went as far as banning the entire show from performing in their country when it first debuted on Broadway.Despite some negative responses, the show went on to be nominated for numerous awards such as the Tony award, the Drama Desk award and the Theatre world award. It won the awards for Most Promising Composer for the Drama Desk award and won the Theatre world award. For the Tony awards it was nominated for best performance by a featured actior in a musical, best original score, best scenic design, best costume design and best lighting design. The film was overall received very well by the public.Perhaps the most interesting thing about the show was the way it was portrayed, th e hippie movement and the Jesus movement being put together in one show. Numerous sections of the musical have Judas in groovy outfits with dancing hippie show girls backing him up in choreography and vocals. The original vocalists and actors for the show are seen as the best so far for Broadway versions. The musical also had a hit movie produced with stunning cinematography, wonderful choreography just as seen in the musical and riveting vocal qualities for each song.The film adaption was released in 1973 and was the eighth highest grossing film of that year. It was shot in Israel and other Middle Eastern locations. Ted Neely (playing Jesus) and Carl Anderson (playing Judas) both were nominated for Golden Globe Awards for their acting in the movie. It is obvious why they were nominated when one watches the film and sees their perfect ability to play their fragile characters in a way that show their musical talent, their power and yet the slight comedy behind each scene.They were tr uly able to show the rising â€Å"celebrity† status of Jesus in a way that somehow still manages to fit in historical information about the betrayal of Judas to Jesus. One may have been worried that the movie might be a slight bit boring in some parts but when I watched it I was not bored at all, in fact I found myself quite captivated by the choreography and the songs. Neely and Anderson kept me very focussed as well because I found their acting quite extraordinary. It is not hard to find yourself singing along to â€Å"Superstar† or â€Å"Poor Jerusalem† or being awestruck by the dance moves done by the mobs.A third film adaption is expected to be released in 2014 set to be directed by Marc Webb. In conclusion, it is quite obvious what made this show such a hit. The elements of small comedy, dance and the storyline made this a musical that was impossible to miss. Whether you loved it or hated it, you had to go see it and tell others about it. The show was able to tell a historical event and turn it into multiple dance and song numbers and even made it fun to watch which the key thing was.It was not the type of musical that would get you on your feet dancing but singing along and being captivated by the characters and their human elements. The relationship between the characters was a big part that played into the success of this show. Not to mention the costume design, that played a huge role as well in setting the stage and idea for the show. It was not a typical show of what Jerusalem looked like but rather a more â€Å"hippie, fun natured† version of it which is what made the audience enjoy it so much.It was not telling biblical stories, it was just a show which made the audience feel like they did not have to have any religious ties or issues with it (even though some chose to anyways) and they could just go and watch it. Perhaps it was the idea that no matter what anyone thought of Jesus, an underlying concept this musical sh owed was Jesus’ celebrity-like identity and what being a celebrity can do to the celebrity themselves and to their lovers and followers (betrayal, confusion, glory, death) and that just might be the real reason why nobody could seem to get this musical out of their mind.

Lord Byron Essay

Lord Byron is considered to be one of the most important poet in his time. He was as famous for his personality as he was for his poetry. The way his life affected what he wrote made his poems even better. His works, life, and writing style are what made Lord Byron one of the most important poets of the Romantic Movement. George Gordon Noel Byron (Lord Byron) was born on January 22, 1788 in London, England. His dad, Captain â€Å"Mad Jack† Byron married his mother, Catherine Gordon, for her money. Throughout their marriage he spent away most of her fortune before he died in 1791. When Lord Byron’s father died he was left with nothing. After his father died he seemed to have a long life ahead of him. He had a birth defect that made him walk on his toes for his entire life and his mother was unstable. Lord Byron took out his stress by writing poetry. When he was only eight years old he fell in love. When he turned sixteen years old he was told that the woman he loved was engaged. He became very depressed and felt very ill. In 1798 his granduncle died and Lord Byron inherited his uncles estate. Now that he had some money, he went to Trinity College after spending his time from 1801 to 1805 at Harrow. In 1808, he planned to spend the year with his cousin, George Bettesworth. He was the captain of his own ship and in May of 1808 he died in the Battle of Alvon. So, from 1809 to 1811 Lord Byron spent the years cruising the Mediterranean. The Napoleonic Wars were going on in Europe at this time so he had to avoid most of Europe. During this time Lord Byron’s first book of poetry, Hours of Idleness, was published in 1809. The two-year Mediterranean trip gave him most of the material he wrote about in Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. These two cantos were the first great successes he had. In 1813 Lord Byron apparently had more than a brother-sister relationship with his half sister Augusta Leigh. She was already the mother of three children. She gave birth to Elizabeth Medora in 1814. Elizabeth was thought by many people to be Lord Byron’s child, but in 1815 he married Anne Isabella Milbanke. They had a child named Ada in the same year, but the marriage did not last and they separated the next year. In 1816 Byron left England when rumors started of his debts. He was never to return back to England in his life. †The only virtue they honor in England is hypocrisy,† (Liukkonen, Petri) he wrote in a letter to his friend when he left England. He settled in Geneva, where he meant Claire Clairmont. She became his mistress, but at the end of summer he moved again. He spent two years working and writing in Italy. â€Å"I was struck by his eyes†¦ I have never in my life seen anything more beautiful or more expressive,† (Liukkonen, Petri) is a quote from a French writer that saw Lord Byron at an opera in Italy. While in Italy he, wrote several poems including Lament of Tasso, Mazeppa, and The Prophecy of Dante. During his stays in Italy he became very interested in drama. He wrote several dramas including The Two Foscari, Sardanapalaus, and many others. In January of 1817, Claire Clairmont gave birth to his daughter Clara Allegra. Lord Byron abandoned his daughter and she died in 1822 with a bad case of typhus fever. In Italy, he risked his life helping a secret group called the Italian Carbonari in 1820 and 1821. In 1824 he decided to take action and move to Greece. He joined a group called the Greek freedom fighters. By this time he was in Missolonghi, Greece. He unfortunately died here on April 19, 1824 of a fever. Lord Byron is the most well known of the famous romantic poets. His poetry had a recurring theme of being romantic. Lord Byron wrote many long romantic poems and some shorter ones in a traditional satirical style of poetry. His poems all varied in their subject matter. A lot of his romantic poems were about the many women he was involved with. An example would be the poem She Walks in Beauty, it is a poem about how beautiful he thought the woman he was in love with was. His poems also were about things he believed in. The poem, The Destruction of Sennacherib, shows that Lord Byron shared his religious views in his poetry. Throughout his travels he went to many places that were inspiration for his poetry. The Lament of Tasso was written when he was in Rome. He visited Tasso’s cell, which inspired him to right the poem. His vary in types of poetry and subject matter helped his poetry stay popular. Lord Byron’s poetry has many connections with what was going on in his life. He first started writing poetry to release the stress of the birth defect that he was born with. His different kinds of poetry were all connected with his life. He was most known for his romantic poetry. In these poems, he wrote about the relationships he had with woman. The places he travelled also influenced his poetry. His travels in Italy got him into drama and that was result of many of his best poems. How religious he was and how much he cared about what was going on around him showed in his life and in his poetry. He wrote about and it was also the reason he chose to move to Greece to help them rise over their rulers by joining the Greek freedom fighters. The connection between his life and his poetry is what made him as popular as he was. Lord Byron was one of the most famous and talented writers of his time. His life, poetry, and the way they were connected are what made him one of the most famous poets of his time. His poetry was an influence on the writing of other poets in his time and continues to influence poets today.

George Washington Most Significant Domestic Accomplishment History Essay

Most important domestic achievement: Washington ‘s most important domestic achievement was to be elected the first president of the United States, every bit good as to be the lone president to be voted in nem con. Twice. The ground I chose this as his domestic achievement is because he set the criterion for future presidents. Most important foreign achievement: Washington ‘s most important foreign achievement was his dedication to neutrality. This disquieted some in France, who felt that they were owed something from the United States. Even during his Farwell reference he warned against going entangled in foreign personal businesss. The ground I chose this as his foreign achievement is because the US was already exhausted after the radical war, and if it were n't for Washington ‘s policy of neutrality, the US could hold been ruined. Economic Policy: Washington ‘s economic policy was centered on refunding Revolutionary War debts, and stabilising the US ‘ economic system. One illustration of this is the creative activity of the first National Bank in 1791, every bit good as the creative activity of the US Mint. Besides, during Washington ‘s presidential term duties were raised in order to assist pay for the war. Washington and Alexander Hamilton ( Treasury secretary ) set the foundation for economic programs in the hereafter. Major Events: Major events include forming the executive subdivision, the confirmation of the Bill of Rights, and set uping the US Federal Judiciary. Most of the major events during Washington ‘s presidential term involved set uping or forming. Again, Washington ‘s presidential term set the foundation for future presidents to come. Major Obstacles: The biggest obstruction Washington ‘s presidential term was the fact that he was the first president. Washington did n't hold anyone to look back on, or anyone to speak to that had more experience than he did. The authorities model that we have today did n't be back so, he was the 1 that had to set up it. Other Info: George Washington ‘s award is exemplified by the fact that he could hold remained president for every bit long as he wanted to, yet he left after his two footings were up. Washington was an honest, hardworking president, who set the model for the authorities that we know and love ( detest? ) today.John Adams ( 1797-1801 )Most important domestic achievement: Adams ‘ most important domestic achievement was the passing of the Alien and Sedition Acts. These Acts of the Apostless were four measures passed in 1798. They included the Naturalization Act and the Sedition Act. The Sedition Act made it a offense to print false or malicious Acts of the Apostless against the authorities. Most important foreign achievement: Adam ‘s most important foreign achievement was maintaining the United States out of the Napoleonic Wars ( Britain v. France ) . The ground this is important because the United States was still retrieving from the radical war, and fall ining in with either Britain or France would hold torn the state apart every bit good as bankrupted it. The hazard for war was particularly high when France began prehending American merchandiser vass. Economic Policy: John Adams was a Federalist, so he believed in bigger authorities and higher revenue enhancements. Adams did n't truly hold any important achievements in the economic field, as he was merely the 2nd president of the United States. Major Events: Major events during Adam ‘s Presidency include the Alien Sedition Acts, the initiation of the United States Navy and Marine Corps, naming John Marshall to the Supreme Court, and stoping the war in France through diplomatic negotiations. Another major event was Adams ‘ midnight assignments of Judgess to the Supreme Court. Major Obstacles: Adams had to follow the great lead of George Washington. Besides, he had to take whether to back up Britain or France in the Napoleonic wars. Other Info: One interesting fact about John Adams is that he was a attorney for the British Soldiers accused of opening fire on a crowd of Americans during the Boston slaughter. Adams and the officers won. After supporting BRITISH, John Adams still made it to the United States Presidency.Thomas Jefferson ( 1801-1809 )Most important domestic achievement: Jefferson ‘s most of import domestic achievement was geting the Louisiana Territory through the Louisiana Purchase. Since Jefferson was a rigorous constitutionalist, there needed to be a particular amendment drafted to give Congress power to buy the district. The district was purchased from the Gallic in 1803 for $ 15 million. Most important foreign achievement: Jefferson ‘s most important foreign achievement was the trade stoppage act of 1807. The act was put in topographic point following the Chesapeake-Leopard incident, where the American Chesapeake refused to subject to a hunt from the British Leopard. The act cut off American trade to Britain and France. Runner ups include the dialogue for the Louisiana district in France and staying comparatively impersonal in Europe. Economic Policy: Jefferson ‘s Economic policy was designed to extinguish American national debt. Jefferson felt that the United States did non necessitate to keep a national debt, and he besides repealed many Federalist revenue enhancements. One of the revenue enhancements repealed was the Whiskey revenue enhancement, which prompted the whiskey rebellion during Washington ‘s Presidency. Major Events: Major events include the Louisiana Purchase, the repealing of Federalist revenue enhancements, an effort to extinguish the national debt, and the beginning of Indian resettlement. Major Obstacles: Most of the major obstructions faced by Jefferson were due to the fact that the United States authorities was still immature. His biggest obstruction was taking all of the thoughts that were thought up before the revolution and do them concrete through Torahs and statute law. His presidential term tested how a philosopher such as Jefferson would work as a politician. Other Info: Thomas Jefferson undertook the battle against Adams ‘ midnight assignments. As you will remember, before John Adams left office he made legion midnight assignments, and these disquieted Jefferson. Jefferson worked difficult to take these assignments, and by making so left many Federalists without occupations. Jefferson besides fought against the creative activity of the first bank of the United States.James Madison ( 1809-1817 )Most important domestic achievement: Madison ‘s most important domestic achievement was eventually guaranting the People of the United States that independency from Britain had eventually been to the full reached. This happened after the war of 1812, in which we fought the British for the last clip in history, and for the 2nd clip in history we won. Most important foreign achievement: Madison ‘s most of import foreign achievement was the war of 1812. The war of 1812 was seen as a 2nd war for independency by some, and truly so. The war started because British naval officers would seek US ships and affect any British crewmans found on board. This, along with trade issues and other things caused tenseness between the United States and Britain. The war started in 1812 and lasted until 1815. The war was fought on land every bit good as on sea. Most of the combat on land was centered on the US Canada boundary line, and in the southern provinces. The ocean contending took topographic point on the Atlantic. The war ended on February 16, 1815 with the Treaty of Ghent. The war ended in a deadlock. Economic Policy: Madison supported the Second Bank of the United States, every bit good as high duties to protect new industries developed during the war of 1812. Since during the war domestic industrial strength was necessary, it was built up. Madison did non desire that industry to vanish after the war, so he implemented high duties. Major Events: Major events include the war of 1812, the initiation of the 2nd bank of the United States, a duty hiking to protect industry, the beginning of the Era of Good Feelings, and the prostration of the Federalist Party. Major Obstacles: The largest obstruction to Madison ‘s presidential term was the war of 1812. Madison is frequently criticized by historiographers for non avoiding war in the first topographic point, and utilizing diplomatic negotiations alternatively. Other Info: James Madison was a president who frequently changed his sentiment on cardinal issues. A major illustration of this was Madison ‘s initial disfavor of the add-on of a Bill of Rights to the Constitution, until he changed his head and became the writer of the Bill of Rights.James Monroe ( 1817-1825 )Most important domestic achievement: Monroe ‘s most of import domestic achievement was the execution of the Missouri Compromise. The Missouri Compromise was an understanding passed in 1820 that banned slavery above Missouri ‘s southern boundary line. The via media came after Missouri ‘s application to the brotherhood was rejected as a slave province. The passing of the Missouri via media was a beginning to what would finally germinate into the Civil War, because it began the North/South – No Slave/ Slave division of the state. Most important foreign achievement: Monroe ‘s most important foreign achievement was the establishing of the Monroe Doctrine. The Monroe Doctrine was put in topographic point in 1823 and fundamentally said that Europe was non welcome to come and colonise in the western hemisphere any longer, and that any effort at colonisation would be seen as a hostile act toward the United States, and would be dealt with quickly. The Monroe philosophy was a two sided trade though, so if Europe stayed out of America ‘s personal businesss, America would remain out of Europe ‘s personal businesss. Economic Policy: Monroe had troubles implementing economic policies because the terror of 1819 was doing a barbarous economic depression. This was the first major economic problem in the United States, so there were troubles in calculating out what to make about it. The crisis caused bank failures, foreclosures and unemployment ( sound familiar? ) . This was the terminal of the station war of 1812 growing. Monroe aided the economic system with Torahs like the Land Act of 1820 and the Relief Act of 1821. By 1823 the depression was over. Major Events: Major events include the Monroe Doctrine, the terror of 1819, the Missouri issue, the Missouri Compromise, the epoch of good feelings, and assorted internal betterments like roads, toll-roads, and canals. Major Obstacles: The terror of 1819, as it was the US ‘ first major depression. Other Info: James Monroe ‘s most of import part to history was the Monroe Doctrine, which would be brought up infinite times in defence of states in the Western hemisphere, whether it be for their benefit or for ours.John Q Adams ( 1825-1829 )Most important domestic achievement: Adams ‘ most important domestic achievement was the development of the American system. The American system was a high duty that supported internal betterments such as roads and canals. Along with bettering the state ‘s substructure, the American system promoted a individual national currency and a national bank. Adam ‘s program was really ambitious, and because of this non all of his proposals were accepted, but some were. Most important foreign achievement: Adams did n't truly hold any major foreign achievements as president. This is because before he was elected president, he was secretary of province, and as such solved most of the foreign jobs that would hold come up during his presidential term. This does non intend that Adams had a bad foreign policy ; it merely means that he put out most of the fires before they started. Economic Policy: Adams ‘ economic policy was centered on his thought for the American system. This meant that a batch of money was spent on internal betterments to the state, such as the edifice of canals and roads. Some of the betterments include the building of Portland canal and Dismal Swam canal. Adams besides believed in a incorporate national currency every bit good as a national bank. Major Events: Major events include the development of the American system, the effort a incorporate national currency, the constitution of the National Republican Party, and the sign language into jurisprudence of the duty of abominations. Major Obstacles: Adams was a hardworking, loyal to his state adult male who had undeniable intelligence. On paper, these are great qualities for a president. Trouble was that Adams refused to play political relations, and he failed to construct a loyal following. Therefore, he was doomed when re-elections rolled around. Other Info: It was during Adams ‘ presidential term that the duty of abominations was signed into jurisprudence. The South did non like the duty because it put a high revenue enhancement on goods the part had to import. This duty would construct up to the nullification crisis of 1832.Andrew Jackson ( 1829-1837 )Most important domestic achievement: Jackson ‘s most of import domestic achievement was the peaceable declaration of the Nullification Crisis. The Nullification Crisis of came about as a consequence of the duty of abominations, which raised duties on goods that the South had to import. The issue started when South Carolina claimed it had a right to invalidate the duty of abominations. A series of menaces followed the claim, both on the presidents and South Carolina ‘s side. The crisis ended when a via media duty was agreed upon and South Carolina retracted its old statements. Most important foreign achievement: During Andrew Jackson ‘s presidential term, there were no wars or struggles in either Europe or America, so Jackson focused on work outing the state ‘s domestic jobs instead than foreign 1s. Economic Policy: Andrew Jackson is the lone president in American history to pay off the national debt. Besides, he was really against the national bank. Because of this ( after a immense battle ) he vetoed the Bankss re-charter in 1832. After the national bank was removed, province and local Bankss sprang up and began to impart money. The job was that the Bankss lent more money than they had endorsing for. This over loaning on the portion of province and local Bankss was a direct cause of the terror of 1837. Major Events: Major events include the paying off of national debt, the enlargement of the spoils system, the nullification crisis, the closing of the 2nd bank of the United States, the remotion of Indians, and the blackwash effort on Jackson. Major Obstacles: The largest obstruction faced by Jackson was the nullification crisis, and had it non been solved the manner it was, the United States could hold split. This was merely one more measure on the route to the civil war. Other Info: Jackson was seen as a common adult male president. On his startup twenty-four hours people were allowed into the White House, doing it a large party and destroying furniture and rugs.Martin Van Buren ( 1837-1841 )Most important domestic achievement: Van Buren was a president that inherited the economic meltdown that Jackson left after closing down the national bank. In response to the depression and economic meltdown, Van Buren created the Independent Treasury System. This system was created to maintain federal financess, since so many Bankss were fall ining due to the depression. If he had non created this system, federal money would hold gone into the unstable province and local Bankss. Most important foreign achievement: During Van Buren ‘s presidential term, the United States kept out of the wars taking topographic point in Europe, so the foreign policy forepart was reasonably weak during his presidential term. Besides, the McKenzy rebellion took topographic point in Calgary, where the Gallic attempted to subvert British regulation in Canada, but the United States kept out of that struggle every bit good. Economic Policy: The most of import thing Van Buren did economically was to set up the Independent Treasury System. The Independent Treasury System allowed the United States authorities to set federal money in a safe topographic point, instead than in province or local Bankss which were really unstable at the clip. Major Events: Major Events include the terror of 1837, the constitution of the Independent Treasury system, and the deficiency of any kind of strong foreign policy. Major Obstacles: Van Buren was the president who suffered the effects of Jackson ‘s shutting of the national bank. This was his largest obstruction, because all of his policies were based around cleaning up the muss he inherited from Jackson. Other Info: Van Buren ‘s presidential term took topographic point during a dry enchantment in American political relations. This was a clip of tiring presidents that made no truly groundbreaking determinations.William Henry Harrison ( 1841 )Most important domestic achievement: Harrison ‘s most important domestic achievement was siting through cold Washington DC without a chapeau or coat, and giving the longest inaugural reference in history. As a consequence of this, Harrison had the shortest presidential term in history. Most important domestic achievement: Harrison did n't hold a foreign policy because his presidential term lasted a humongous 31 yearss, 12 hours, and 30 proceedingss. Economic Policy: Harrison did n't hold an economic policy because his presidential term lasted a humongous 31 yearss, 12 hours, and 30 proceedingss. Major Events: Major events include being inaugurated on March 4, 1841, and deceasing on March 26, 1841. Major Obstacles: The biggest obstruction confronting Harrison was the fact that his presidential term lasted 22 yearss. If that ‘s non an obstruction, I do n't cognize what is. Other Info: Harrison had the longest startup reference in history, but the shortest presidential term.John Tyler ( 1841-1845 )Most important domestic achievement: Tyler ‘s most of import domestic achievement was the appropriation of Texas in 1845. Texas would travel on to go a province nine months subsequently. Another achievement was the declaration of the Dorr rebellion. The Dorr rebellion was an armed rebellion that took topographic point in Rhode Island due to Thomas Wilson Dorr ‘s discontent with the province ‘s electoral system. As a consequence of the rebellion, Rhode Island granted right to vote to all freewomans irrespective of race. Most important foreign achievement: Tyler ‘s most important foreign achievement was the confirmation of the Webster-Ashburton pact, which defined a clear boundary line between Maine and Canada. Other than that, Tyler was a pretty laid back president during a stale clip in American political relations, so he truly did n't carry through much. Economic Policy: John Tyler was a Whig, and such he believed in the American system around which the Whigs economic policy centered. As a Whig, Tyler believed in a high protective duty, a national bank, and a strong internal substructure. These beliefs are how the Whig party started-because of their resistance to Jackson ‘s remotion of the 2nd bank of the United States. Major Events: Major events include the Dorr rebellion, the Webster-Ashburton pact, the blackwash effort on his life, and the stoping of the 2nd Seminole war. Major Obstacles: Tyler ‘s biggest obstruction was that he took office on such short notice. After Harrison died, Tyler was following in line to go president. After he took office, he was expected to lodge closely to the Whig ‘s party beliefs. He did n't. the perfect illustration of this is his twice vetoing of the statute law for the national banking act. Other Info: Tyler was a adult male that went into office out of the blue. He originally thought he was traveling to be Vice president, and so Bam: he ‘s president. This was a clip of deadening American political relations.James K Polk ( 1845-1849 )Most important domestic achievement: Polk ‘s most of import domestic achievement was the successful geting of the Oregon district from Great Britain. Since 1818 the district was under joint business by both America and Britain, but after Polk came into office he put a batch of force per unit area on Britain to give up the district. The Oregon pact of 1846 divided the Oregon district along the 19th analogue. Most important foreign achievement: Polk ‘s most important foreign achievement was the pact of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The pact of Guadalupe Hidalgo was a pact that came approximately after the terminal of the Mexican American war. The dainty gave the United States 525,000 square stat mis of land for $ 15 million. Economic Policy: Polk, being a Democrat, focused on cut downing the consequence of the Whig ‘s economic policy. He reduced the duty of abominations and abandoned many other duties. In 1846, Polk approved a jurisprudence that restored the Independent Treasury System, under which authorities financess were held in the Treasury instead than in unstable province and local Bankss. This established independent exchequer sedimentation office to have all authorities financess. Major Events: Major events include the pact of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the remotion of the duty of abominations, the geting of the Oregon district, the appropriation of Mexico, the American Mexican war, and the effort to by Cuba. Major Obstacles: The biggest obstructions during Polk ‘s presidential term had to make with the geting of land. First the Oregon district so the American Mexican war, so the appropriation of Texas. Other Info: Polk was one of the first presidents to encompass the thought of manifest fate, and to take the Unites States on a way of enlargement.Zachary Taylor ( 1849-1850 )Most important domestic achievement: Taylor ‘s most important domestic achievement was the organisation of the section of the inside. The section of the inside is the section that trades with the direction and preservation of federal lands. Moat important foreign achievement: Taylor ‘s most of import foreign achievement was the confirmation of the Clayton Bulwer pact. The Clayton Bulwer pact made it clear that neither the United States, no Britain would entirely have or keep a canal in South America. The pact did give the United States a leg up diplomatically. Economic Policy: Zachary Taylor was a Whig, and such he believed in the American system around which the Whigs economic policy centered. As a Whig, Taylor believed in a high protective duty, a national bank, and a strong internal substructure. Major Events: Major events include the organizing of the section of the inside, the Clayton Bulwer pact, bondage in the West, and the via media of 1850. Major Obstacles: Taylor ‘s presidential term lasted merely one twelvemonth. That was a reasonably large obstruction. Other Info: Zachary Taylor was a deadening, center of the route president. Besides, he was president during a distressingly deadening clip in American political relations.Millard Fillmore ( 1850-1853 )Most of import domestic achievement: Fillmore ‘s most of import domestic achievement was the Compromise of 1850, which admitted California to the Union and settled the issue of bondage in freshly acquired districts. It repealed the Missouri Compromise and divided the state along the 37th analogue. When districts applied for statehood the people of the province would make up one's mind whether to be free or break one's back. In return, the North passed a Fugitive Slave Bill, which allowed for the apprehension of fleeting slaves in the Free provinces. Most of import foreign achievement: Fillmore ‘s most of import foreign achievement was his promise to maintain out of Cuba for the exclusive intent of it non going a slave province. This is important because there had been talk of purchasing Cuba. Economic Policy: Millard Fillmore was a Whig, and such he believed in the American system around which the Whigs economic policy centered. As a Whig, Fillmore believed in a high protective duty, a national bank, and a strong internal substructure. Major Events: Major events include the via media of 1850, the burying about Cuba, being a Whig, and holding the last name Fillmore. Major Obstacles: Fillmore, like the last three presidents I ‘ve written about was a deadening president with deadening policies during a deadening clip in American political relations. That ‘s an obstruction. Other Info: Millard Fillmore did n't hold a frailty president, likely because he took over right after Taylor.Franklin Pierce ( 1853-1857 )Most important domestic achievement: A Pierce ‘s most of import domestic achievement was the transition of the Kansas Nebraska act. The Kansas Nebraska act created the districts of Kansas and Nebraska, and besides repealed the Missouri via media of 1820. Besides, the act put the pick of bondage in the people ‘s custodies ( by voting ) . As a response to the act the Republican Party was created. Kansas was admitted to the brotherhood as a free province, and Nebraska was non admitted until after the civil war. This act was a major blow in the stableness of the state, and was a direct cause of the civil war. Most important foreign achievement: A In foreign policy, Pierce wanted to demo a strong Democratic assertiveness. Many particular involvement groups pushed to take Cuba from weak and distant Spain. He besides wanted to open trade with Japan, which at the clip was unheard of. Finally he wanted to derive the advantage over Britain in Central America. The job was, Pierce was a really uneffective president and accomplished really few of his ends. Economic Policy: The state was holding a period of economic growing and there was peace on the economic forepart, but when an issue did come up his disposal Pierce did small to quiet the feelings that it aroused, and sectional lines were redrawn. Major Events: Major events include the Kansas Nebraska act, the via media of 1850, the Free State vs. slave province argument. Major Obstacles: Pierce ‘s biggest obstruction by far was his inability to take. He was a sympathetic cat, and made many friends in authorities, but when it came to acquiring things done he merely could n't. He talked quietly, but forgot his large stick at place. Other Info: Pierce is called one of the worst presidents in US history. The worst.James Buchanan ( 1857-1861 )Most important domestic achievement: Buchanan ‘s most important domestic achievement was the Dred Scott determination. A In 1857 an of import determination was given by the Supreme Court. The Dred Scott instance was put through by the North with the best purposes. But, the tribunal ruled that Dred Scott and all inkinesss were non citizens of the United States and as such had no right to action in the Supreme Court. To add abuse to injury, the Missouri Compromise was declared unconstitutional because merely provinces had the right to prohibit bondage. The populace in the North was outraged by this determination and refused to obey it. This caused tensenesss to turn, and brought the state to the threshold of civil war. Most important foreign achievement: Buchanan did n't truly hold a foreign policy. This was because he had to concentrate on the domestic issues. This was particularly true when it came to the Dred Scott determination, which made the north really disquieted and brought the state to the threshold of civil war. Economic Policy: Buchanan ‘s economic policy focused around incorporating the terror of 1857. The terror of 1857A was a downswing in the United States ‘ economyA that occurred in 1857. A recession began in 1856, but the failure of Bankss and concerns started a true terror in 1857. While the economic downswing was short, the recovery was was n't. The permanent impact of the terror lasted until the beginning of the civil war. Major Events: Major events include the Dred Scott instance, the Lincoln Douglas debates, and the constitution of the pony express. Major Obstacles: Most of Buchanan ‘s obstructions were political. As the civil war drew nearer, and sectional lines grew deeper, Buchanan faced more and more resistance from the southern United States. Other Information: Because of his inability to defuse the civil war state of affairs, James Buchanan is rated as one of the worst presidents of all clip.Abraham Lincoln ( 1861-1865 )Most important domestic achievement: The civil war was Lincoln ‘s figure one focal point during his presidential term was the civil war. The civil war started before Lincoln ‘s presidential term, and all of the war was left for Lincoln. After the first major Union triumph at Antietam, Lincoln gave the Emancipation Proclamation. It freed slaves in all districts that were non occupied by the Union ground forces. The emancipation announcement had two ends: foremost to maintain the British from assisting the South and to get down break one's back rebellions. The civil war ended 1865 when General Lee surrendered at the Appomattox courthouse. Most important foreign achievement: Lincoln ‘s most of import foreign achievement was maintaining ties with Europe during the war. During the Civil War, both the North and South of the United States wanted to maintain ties with the European states, peculiarly Britain and France. The British supported the South until the Emancipation Proclamation changed the focal point of the war, and they realized that back uping the South would be seen as support for bondage. This of class would be morally incorrect. Economic Policy: Lincoln ‘s economic policy was based around the civil war. Most of the money in the state went to the war. As you can conceive of, a war a big and dearly-won as the civil war does n't give much clip to shave any other economic policies. The economic policy helped give money to the North in order to crush the South in the civil war. Major Events: Major events include the civil war, the sequence of the South, the conflict of Antietam, the emancipation announcement, the winning of the war, and the blackwash of Lincoln. Major Obstacles: Lincoln ‘s biggest obstruction was the civil war. All of his policy was based around the war. His full disposal focused on the war. Other Information: Because of Lincoln ‘s suburb handling of the civil war, he is ranked as one of the state ‘s best presidents. Will he interrupt the form of stale tiring presidents? Stay tuned to happen out.Andrew Johnson ( 1865-1869 )Most important domestic achievement: Johnson ‘s most important domestic achievement focused around Reconstruction after the civil war. After Lincoln was assassinated, Johnson attempted to take control of the Reconstruction. But, with Lincoln dead, Congress forgot took that power from Johnson. Rather than utilizing of Lincoln ‘s 10 per centum program, a much harsher program was put in topographic point for readmitting provinces into the Union. States had to sign the thirteenth and 14th amendments to recover their seats in Congress. Merely Tennessee passed the 14th amendment. Because of Johnson ‘s inability to manage the South, he was impeached. Most important domestic achievement: Johnson ‘s best foreign policy determination by far was to buy Alaska from Russia for 15 million dollars. After it purchase, people mocked Johnson and his disposal for buying nil more than a large refrigerator. It was n't until after Johnson ‘s presidential term that the true value was realized. Gold and oil were found at that place doing the purchase of Alaska a good determination after all. Economic Policy: Johnson ‘s economic policy was based around the purchase of Alaska. The United States needed to set up 15 million dollars in order to buy Alaska, and at the clip that was a monumental undertaking. Because of the civil war, money was tight, and it took a batch to acquire Congress to hold upon giving the money for what at the clip was nil more than and icebox. Major Events: Major events include the 13-15th amendments, the purchase of Alaska, the Reconstruction of the South, and the impeachment of Johnson. Major Obstacles: Johnson ‘s largest obstructions came from inside the authorities. A perfect illustration of this is the Reconstruction attempt of the South. Since Congress was unhappy with Johnson ‘s work they took the Reconstruction powers from him. Other Info: Johnson was the first US president to be impeached, but non the last.Ulysses S Grant ( 1869-1877 )Most important domestic achievements: Grants most of import domestic achievements had to make with all of the dirts he was involved in. Grant ‘s cabinet consisted of his old friends who used their stations to do money and have power. Because of this, Grant ‘s disposal was filled with corruptness. Most important foreign achievement: Grant ‘s foreign policy had to make with keeping Britain responsible for its â€Å" neutrality † during the civil war. During the Geneva courts, the British were found guilty and the United States got 15 million dollars for their problems. Besides, the United States and Britain agreed on boundaries for angling and such. Economic Policy: Grant ‘s economic policy had to make with economic growing and enlargement. Although grants disposal had more leaks than a slug filled ship, there was still economic enlargement. The populace was really happy with Grant ‘s decrease of the national debt. Major Events: Major events include the completion of the transcontinental railway, the 15th amendment which gave all citizens right to vote, and the innovation of the telephone. Major Obstacles: The biggest obstruction confronting Grant and his disposal was the corruptness that was wild present at that place. Grant was cogent evidence that a great military leader does non needfully do a great president. Other Info: Grant was a president with possible, but he chose to allow his friends into his disposal, and to let corruptness to run in his presidential term.Rutherford B Hayes ( 1877-1881 )Most important domestic achievement: Hayes ‘ most of import domestic achievement was the civil service reform. Hayes gave anA executive orderA that prohibited office holders from acquiring party money. This led Hayes to take many employees in authorities in an attempt to â€Å" clean house † and put an terminal to party corruptness. This led to tenseness between Hayes and members of authorities. Most important foreign achievement: Hayes said in his Inaugural Address that he wanted the state to maintain â€Å" our traditional regulation of nonintervention in the personal businesss of foreign states. † He was really good at following this policy, and because of it he kept out of foreign affairsaˆÂ ¦.except for the edifice of the Panama Canal, which he attempted but did n't win due to political grounds. Economic Policy: Hayes was a fiscal conservative. As a fiscal conservative Hayes believed in little authorities, strong concern, and limitation free capitalist economy. Besides, he believed in low revenue enhancements. Major Events: Major events include the terminal of Reconstruction, the railway work stoppage of 1877, and the installing of electric street visible radiations, the via media of 1876, and the bland Alison act. Major Obstacles: Hayes ‘ biggest obstruction was the fact that he won the election by such a bantam border. Because of this, all throughout his presidential term Hayes was critiqued for the determinations he made. Other Info: Hayes ‘ most celebrated quotation mark is â€Å" He serves his party best who serves his state best. †James Garfield ( 1881 )Most important domestic achievement: Garfield did n't truly hold a domestic policy because merely a few months after his presidential term he was shot and killed. Most important foreign achievement: Garfield was unable to pattern a foreign policy as he was shot a few months after he was elected president. Economic Policy: Garfield did n't hold an economic policy. Most people are unable to do or pattern an economic policy when they are shot dead merely a few months after they are elected to the presidential term. Major Events: Major events include being elected into office in 1881, and being shot and killed in 1881. Major Obstacles: The biggest obstruction faced by James Garfield was that he was shot merely a few months after he came into office. That is a reasonably large obstruction if you ask me. Other Info: Garfield had the 2nd shortest presidential term, 2nd merely to William Henry Harrison.Chester A Arthur ( 1881-1885 )Most important domestic achievement: Arthur ‘s most of import domestic achievement was the passing of the Pendleton act. The Pendleton act placed federal employees on a virtue system and put an terminal to the long hated spoils system. The act was passed because of Garfield ‘s blackwash. The Act was passed into jurisprudence on January 16 1883. Most important foreign achievement: Arthur ‘s most important foreign achievements had to make with spread outing the US navy. Arthur realized that if the United States wanted to spread out, it would necessitate a strong naval forces. He was the first US president to alter the navy ships over from Fe to steel. Steel is lighter and stronger than Fe. Economic Policy: Arthur had a deadening economic policy, one that is non even deserving composing about. Major Events: Major events include the constitution of the steel naval forcess, and the passing of the Pendleton act. Major Obstacles: Arthur ‘s obstructions came from inside the authorities. When he passed civil service reform, he faced strong internal resistance because the spoils system helped specify authorities. Arthur believed in a strong, honorable authorities. Other Info: The universe ‘s first skyscraper was constructed in Chicago during Arthur ‘s presidential term.Grover Cleveland ( 1885-1889 )Most important domestic achievement: Cleveland ‘s most of import domestic achievement was his handling of labour brotherhoods. All throughout his presidential term, Cleveland had to cover with the ups and downs and temper swings of the labour brotherhoods. These fits ranged from little work stoppages to violent rebellions. Most of these labour brotherhoods had to cover with railwaies or other large companies that paid their people excessively small and overworked them. Most important foreign achievement: Cleveland ‘s most important foreign achievement was the Britain Venezuela boundary difference. Great Britain tried to conflict on Venezuela ‘s district for gold, and America threatened to ordain the Monroe philosophy. Britain tried to play tufa for a piece, but finally backed down. In the terminal a pact was written up, and neither side won or lost. The result was a Latin America that was happy with the United States and a universe that knew that the US was a force to be reckoned with. Economic Policy: The duty of 1883 lowered antecedently high duties. The duty raised up as a major issue between the Democrats and the republicans. Major Events: Major events include the Haymarket public violence, the interstate commercialism act, the terror of 1893, and the Pullman work stoppage. Major Obstacles: Cleveland ‘s biggest obstructions came from the labour brotherhoods. These brotherhoods ranged from mild strikers to downright violent rebellions that resulted in serious hurt or decease to all who participated. Other Info: Henry Ford made his first auto during Grover Cleveland ‘s presidential term.Benjamin Harrison ( 1889-1893 )Most important domestic achievement: Harrison ‘s most important domestic achievement was the passing of the Sherman anti-trust act. The Act passed without resistance since both parties made promises about ordaining trust ordinances. However, the act was really weak, and was written really mistily. Because of this, even though the trusts were attacked none were of all time to the full removed. Most important foreign achievement: Harrison ‘s disposal was really aggressive in foreign policy and enlargement. An illustration of this is the Samoan struggle where the United States imperialized its first district that far from its shores. Economic Policy: Harrison had an economic policy of high duties, trust busting, and silver reform. The thing Harrison is most celebrated for though is the busting of trusts, or trust busting. This was accomplished through the Sherman anti-trust act. The Sherman anti-trust act was weakly enforced though, so trusts ne'er to the full disappeared. Major Events: Major events include the Sherman anti-trust act, the Sherman Ag purchase act, and the McKinley duty. Major Obstacles: Harrison did n't truly confront any obstructions that could be described as major. Or minor. He did n't confront any obstructions at all truly. Other Info: A Nellie Bly set a record by going around the universe in 72 yearss.Grover Cleveland ( 1893-1897 )Most important domestic achievement: Cleveland ‘s most of import domestic achievement was his handling of labour brotherhoods. All throughout his presidential term, Cleveland had to cover with the ups and downs and temper swings of the labour brotherhoods. These fits ranged from little work stoppages to violent rebellions. Most of these labour brotherhoods had to cover with railwaies or other large companies that paid their people excessively small and overworked them. Most important foreign achievement: Cleveland ‘s most important foreign achievement was the Britain Venezuela boundary difference. Great Britain tried to conflict on Venezuela ‘s district for gold, and America threatened to ordain the Monroe philosophy. Britain tried to play tufa for a piece, but finally backed down. In the terminal a pact was written up, and neither side won or lost. The result was a Latin America that was happy with the United States and a universe that knew that the US was a force to be reckoned with. Economic Policy: The duty of 1883 lowered antecedently high duties. The duty came up as a major issue between the Democrats and the republicans. Major Events: Major events include the Haymarket public violence, the interstate commercialism act, the terror of 1893, and the Pullman work stoppage. Major Obstacles: Cleveland ‘s biggest obstructions came from the labour brotherhoods. These brotherhoods ranged from mild strikers to downright violent rebellions that resulted in serious hurt or decease to all who participated. Other Info: Cleveland is the lone president in history to hold two nonconsecutive footings.William McKinley ( 1897-1901 )Most important domestic achievement: McKinley ‘s most of import domestic achievement was the appropriation of Hawaii. The trade was that the United States would annex Hawaii and presume their $ 4 million on debt. Because of the appropriation of Hawaii, it would subsequently travel on to go a US State. Besides, without Hawaii, where would I travel on holiday? Most important foreign achievement: McKinley ‘s most important foreign achievement was the Spanish American war. The war was caused because Cuba wanted to contend off Spain ‘s subjugation. The existent ground for the war was xanthous news media, which made the state of affairs in Cuba seem worse than what it really was, and that is what caused the United States to travel to war. The thing that truly set off the war was the detonation of the USS Maine in Havana seaport. The xanthous journalists made it seem like the Cubans did this, when in fact it was an unknown detonation. Economic Policy: McKinley ‘s economic policy put the gilded criterion as the lone criterion. It was because of this that the whole Ag thought was forgotten. Besides, the Dingley act put in a duty of 16 % , the highest of all clip, and in some instances up to 57 % . Major Events: Major events include the Spanish American war, the pact of Paris, and the insular instances.Major Obstacles:Other Info: During McKinley ‘s presidential term Hawaii, Guam, Puerto Rico and the Philippines became American ownerships.DecisionDuring this clip period there were great presidents and awful presidents. The trade name new American democracy had to get by with immense challenges, and it was because of these leaders that we have progressed to where we are today.